Under the Magnuson-Stevens Act, Councils must identify status determination criteria which can be used to decide whether overfishing is occurring (fishing mortality is above a maximum fishing mortality threshold) or the stock is overfished (biomass is less than a minimum stock size threshold). Chapter 4 in the HMS FMP describes how these status determination criteria may be determined. They are derived from an estimate of maximum sustainable yield (MSY), “the largest long-term average catch or yield that can be taken from a stock or stock complex under prevailing ecological, environmental conditions and fishery technological characteristics (e.g., gear selectivity), and the distribution of catch among fleets.” Frequently MSY is difficult to estimate for HMS stocks, either due to stock dynamics or the lack of sufficient information to conduct a stock assessment. In those cases, proxy values may be determined for MSY and related status determination criteria. In general, the Council considers the biological reference points, or proxies approved by regional fishery management organizations to be the ‘best available science.
In the case of HMS in the Pacific, most stock assessments are conducted by several international organizations, established through conventions that function akin to treaties among sovereign governments. This makes it difficult, if not impossible, for the U.S., or any participating country, to unilaterally peer review the assessments sponsored by these organizations. Therefore, NMFS employs “other peer review processes” to determine whether the assessments constitute the best scientific information available for these transboundary stocks (81 FR 54561; August 16, 2016), including through participation by the U.S. government in these organizations. Once NMFS makes a best scientific information available (BSIA) determination on the outputs of an assessment produced by an international organization, the agency uses this information to determine the status of stocks relative to SDC identified in the FMP for the purposes of domestic management.
Organizations that conduct HMS stock assessments
Stock status is most reliably determined from stock assessments that integrate fishery and life history information across the range of the stock. A list of current stock assessments is provided in below. This section summarizes assessments completed in 2019 and 2020 by RFMOs and other entities.
Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC)
In the Eastern Pacific Ocean (EPO) scientific staff employed by the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC) conduct stock assessments mainly for tropical tunas (bigeye, yellowfin, and skipjack) and some billfish (striped marlin, swordfish). The Fishery Status Reports summarize fisheries and stock status and the most recent stock assessment reports may be accessed on their 2020 Scientific Advisory Committee meeting page. All IATTC staff assessments and analyses are reviewed by the Scientific Advisory Committee.
In 2022 the IATTC scientific staff completed an interim stock assessment for EPO skipjack tuna tuna (SAC-13-07). It is an integrated statistical age-structured catch-at-length stock assessment similar to those conducted by IATTC scientific staff for bigeye and yellowfin tunas. Although termed interim, scientific staff consider the assessment reliable for management purposes.
Secretariat of the Pacific Community Oceanic Fisheries Program (SPC-OFP)
In the Western and Central Pacific Ocean (WCPO), the Secretariat of the Pacific Community Oceanic Fisheries Program (SPC-OFP) conducts stock assessments as the science provider to the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC). Like the IATTC, they tend to focus on the tropical tunas, but have also completed stock assessments for South Pacific albacore tuna and striped marlin. Their stock assessments may be accessed by visiting the WCPFC stock assessment webpage.
In 2021 SPC assessed South Pacific albacore tuna and Southwest Pacific swordfish.
In 2022 stock assessments were completed for WCPO skipjack tuna (WCPFC-SC18-2022/SA-WP-01 (REV3)) and Southwest Pacific shortfin mako shark (WCPFC-SC18-2022/SA-WP-02). (The mako shark assessment was completed by independent consultants.).
International Scientific Committee for Tuna and Tuna-like Species in the North Pacific Ocean (ISC)
In the North Pacific Ocean (NPO) the International Scientific Committee for Tuna and Tuna-like Species in the North Pacific Ocean (ISC) conducts stock assessments, also as a science provider for the WCPFC, and specifically that organization’s Northern Committee. The ISC has formed working groups for North Pacific albacore, Pacific bluefin tuna, billfish (marlins and swordfish), and sharks. Shark species of interest include blue, shortfin, mako, bigeye thresher, pelagic thresher, silky, oceanic whitetip, and hammerhead species. The ISC Plenary reviews assessments and analyses, and ISC annual Plenary Reports provide stock status updates and conservation recommendations. ISC stock assessments can be found on its Stock Assessment webpage.
In 2021 the ISC Billfish Working Group completed an assessment for Pacific blue marlin (Makaira nigricans).
In 2022 ISC Working Groups completed benchmark stock assessments for Pacific bluefin tuna and North Pacific blue shark.
Current stock assessments for species managed under the HMS FMP
The most current assessment for FMP MUS and the publication year are listed below.
Tunas
- North Pacific Albacore (2020): Stock Assessment of Albacore Tuna in the North Pacific Ocean in 2020. Report of the Albacore Working Group. International Scientific Committee for Tuna and Tuna-Like Species in the North Pacific Ocean 15-20 July 2020.
- South Pacific Albacore (2021): Stock Assessment of South Pacific albacore tuna. C. Castillo Jordan, J. Hampton, N. Ducharme-Barth, H. Xu, T. Vidal, P. Williams, F.Scott, G. Pilling and P. Hamer. Oceanic Fisheries Programme, Pacific Community (SPC), Noumea, New Caledonia and Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, La Jolla, United States. WCPFC-SC17-2021/SA-WP-02 Rev. 2. August 10, 2021.
- Pacific Bluefin (2022): Stock Assessment of Pacific Bluefin Tuna in the Pacific Ocean in 2022. ISC Pacific Bluefin Tuna Working Group. International Scientific Committee for Tuna and Tuna-Like Species in the North Pacific Ocean 12-18 July 2022.
- Bigeye (EPO) (2020): Bigeye Tuna in the Eastern Pacific Ocean, 2019: Benchmark Assessment. Haikun Xu, Mark N. Maunder, Carolina Minte-Vera, Juan L. Valero, Cleridy Lennert-Cody, and Alexandre Aires-da-Silva. Prepared for the Eleventh Meeting of the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC) Scientific Advisory Committee. Doc SAC-11-06.
- Bigeye (WCPO) (2020): Stock assessment of bigeye tuna in the western and central Pacific Ocean. N. Ducharme Barth, M. Vincent, J. Hampton, P. Hamer, P. Williams, G. Pilling. Scientific Committee Sixteenth Regular Session, August 11-20, 2020. SC16-SA-WP-03.
- Skipjack (EPO) (2022): Skipjack Tuna in the Eastern Pacific Ocean: Interim Assessment. Maunder, M, Xu, H., Minte-Vera, C., Valero, J.L., Lennert-Cody, C.E., and Aires-da-Silva, A.. Prepared for the Thirteenth Meeting of the IATTC SAC, May 16-20, 2022, La Jolla, California USA. Doc SAC-13-07.
- Skipjack (WCPO) (2022): Stock assessment of skipjack tuna in the western and central Pacific Ocean – Rev.3. Jord ́an, C.C., Teears, T., Hampton, J., Davies, N., Phillips, J.S., McHenchie, S., and others . Scientific Committee Eighteenth Regular Session. Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission, August 10-18, 2022. WCPFC-SC18-2022/SA-WP-01.
- Yellowfin (EPO) (2020): Yellowfin Tuna in the Eastern Pacific Ocean, 2019: Benchmark Assessment. Carolina Minte-Vera, Mark N. Maunder, Haikun Xu, Juan L. Valero, Cleridy E. Lennert-Cody, and Alexandre Aires-da-Silva. Prepared for the Eleventh Meeting of the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC) Scientific Advisory Committee. Doc SAC-10-07.
- Yellowfin (WCPO) (2020): Stock assessment of yellowfin tuna in the western and central Pacific Ocean. M. Vincent, N. Ducharme Barth, J. Hampton, P. Hamer, P. Williams, G. Pilling. Scientific Committee Sixteenth Regular Session, August 11-20, 2020. SC16-SA-WP-04.
Billfishes
- Blue Marlin (2021). Stock Assessment Report for Pacific Blue Marlin (Makaira nigricans) through 2019. Report of the Billfish Working Group. International Scientific Committee for Tuna and Tuna-Like Species in the North Pacific Ocean. ISC/21/ANNEX/10.
- Striped marlin (WCPO) (2019): Stock Assessment Report for Striped Marlin (Kajikia audax) in the Western and Central North Pacific Ocean Through 2017. Report of the Billfish Working Group. International Scientific Committee for Tuna and Tuna-Like Species in the North Pacific Ocean, July 11-15, 2019, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Striped Marlin (SW Pacific – WCPO) (2019): Stock assessment of SW Pacific striped marlin in the WCPO. Ducharme Barth, N., Pilling, G. and Hampton, J. Scientific Committee Fifteenth Regular Session. Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission, August 12-19, 2019. WCPFC-SC15-2019/SA-WP-07.
- Striped marlin (EPO) (2009): Assessment of Striped Marlin in the Eastern Pacific Ocean In 2008 and Outlook for the Future. Michael G. Hinton. Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission. Document SAC-01-10. An update with data through October 30, 2010, is reported in Fishery Status Report No. 12, Tunas and Billfishes in the Eastern Pacific Ocean in 2013.
- Swordfish (WCNPO) (2018): Stock Assessment of Swordfish (Xiphias gladius) in the Western and Central North Pacific Ocean Through 2016. ISC Billfish Working Group. Prepared for the Eighteenth Meeting of the ISC, July 11-16, 2018, Yeosu, Republic of Korea.
- Swordfish (EPO) (2011): Status of Swordfish in the Eastern Pacific Ocean in 2010 and Outlook for the Future. Michael G. Hinton and Mark N. Maunder. Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission Scientific Advisory Committee 2nd Meeting. La Jolla, California (USA), 9-12 May 2011. Document SAC-02-09.
- Swordfish (SWPO) (2021): Stock Assessment for southwest Pacific swordfish. N. Ducharme-Barth, C. Castillo-Jordan, J. Hampton, P. Williams1, G. Pilling, P. Hamer. WCPFC-SC17-2021/SA-WP-04. July 21, 2021.
Sharks
- Blue shark (NPO) (2022): Stock Assessment and Future Projections of Blue Shark in the North Pacific Ocean Through 2020. Report of the Shark Working Group. International Scientific Committee for Tuna and Tuna-like Species in the North Pacific Ocean. 12-18 July 2022.
- Blue shark (SWPO) (2021). 2021 Stock assessment of Southwest Pacific blue shark. Philipp Neubauer, Kath Large and Stephen Brouwer. WCPFC-SC17-2021/SA-WP-03 Rev. 1. August 10, 2021.
- Common Thresher Shark (EPO) (2018): Status of Common Thresher Sharks, Alopias Vulpinus, along the West Coast of North America: Updated Stock Assessment Based on Alternative Life History. Teo, S., Garcia Rodriguez, E. and Sosa-Nishizaki. O. U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SWFSC-595. https://doi.org/10.7289/V5/TM-SWFSC-595
- Shortfin Mako Shark (NPO) (2018): Stock Assessment of Shortfin Mako Shark in the North Pacific Ocean through 2016. Report of the Shark Working Group. International Scientific Committee for Tuna and Tuna-like Species in the North Pacific Ocean. July 11-16, 2018, Yeosu, Republic of Korea.
- Shortfin Mako Shark (SWPO) (2022): Stock assessment of Southwest Pacific Shortfin Mako shark. Large, K., Neubauer, P. and Brouwer, S. Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission, August 10-18, 2022. WCPFC-SC18-2022/SA-WP-02.
Others
- Dorado (SEPO) (2016): Exploratory Stock Assessment of Dorado (Coryphaena Hippurus) in the Southeastern Pacific Ocean). Alexandre Aires-da-Silva, Juan L. Valero, Mark. N. Maunder, Carolina Minte-Vera, Cleridy Lennert-Cody, Marlon H. Román, Jimmy Martínez-Ortiz, Edgar J. Torrejón-Magallanes and Miguel N. Carranza. Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, Scientific Advisory Committee Seventh Meeting. May 9-13, 2016. Document SAC-07-05a(i).
Assessment of stock status
National Standard 2 requires using the best scientific information available in management. This requires periodic updating of stock status for comparing against status determination criteria. HMS FMP Chapter 4 describes the management reference points used to assess stock status and the methods for determining the values for these reference points. These reference points are:
Maximum sustainable yield (MSY): MSY is the largest long-term average catch or yield that can be taken from a stock or stock complex under prevailing ecological, environmental conditions and fishery technological characteristics (e.g., gear selectivity), and the distribution of catch among fleets. For management purposes MSY is usually expressed in terms of the following reference points:
MSY fishing mortality rate (FMSY): The fishing mortality rate that, if applied over the long term, would result in MSY.
MSY stock size (BMSY): The long-term average size of the stock or stock complex, measured in terms of spawning biomass or other appropriate measure of the stock’s reproductive potential that would be achieved by fishing at Fmsy.
Status determination criteria (SDC) are quantifiable thresholds (or their proxies) that are used to determine if overfishing has occurred, or if the stock or stock complex is overfished. “Overfished” relates to biomass of a stock or stock complex, and “overfishing” pertains to a rate or level of removal of fish from a stock or stock complex. SDC are:
Maximum fishing mortality threshold (MFMT): The level of fishing mortality (F), on an annual basis, above which overfishing is occurring. The MFMT or reasonable proxy may be expressed either as a single number (a fishing mortality rate or F value), or as a function of spawning biomass or other measure of reproductive potential.
Overfishing limit (OFL): The annual amount of catch that corresponds to the estimate of MFMT applied to a stock or stock complex’s abundance and is expressed in terms of numbers or weight of fish. The OFL is an estimate of the catch level above which overfishing is occurring.
Minimum stock size threshold (MSST): The level of biomass below which the stock or stock complex is considered to be overfished.
Optimum yield (OY): The amount of fish that will provide the greatest overall benefit to the Nation, particularly with respect to food production and recreational opportunities and taking into account the protection of marine ecosystems.
HMS FMP section 4.2 describes the considerations for determining MSY. As part of the biennial process, the HMSMT will review recent stock assessments or other information as described below, and submit a draft SAFE document for review at the September Council meeting containing MSY estimates, noting if they are a change from the current value. At the request of the Council, the Scientific and Statistical Committee (SSC) will review these estimates and make recommendations to the Council on their application in management decisions. Based on this advice, the Council may recommend revisions to MSY estimates to NMFS.
HMS FMP section 4.4 describes how SDC are computed. NMFS uses the following status determination criteria to identify stocks subject to overfishing or that have become overfished as specified at MSA section 304(e).
MFMT equals FMSY. The OFL is the annual amount of catch that corresponds to the estimate of MFMT applied to a stock or stock complex’s abundance and is expressed in terms of numbers or weight of fish. Overfishing occurs when fishing mortality F is greater than the MFMT mortality or catch exceeds OFL for one year or more.
MSST is calculated as the greater of:
BMSST = (1-M)BMSY when M (natural mortality) ≤ 0.5, or
BMSST = 0.5BMSY when M > 0.5
MSST or a reasonable proxy must be expressed in terms of spawning biomass or other reproductive potential. Should the estimated size of an HMS stock in a given year fall below this threshold, the stock is considered overfished.
In the case of species under international management, the Council should recommend that the appropriate RFMO consider adopting the SDCs determined pursuant to the HMS FMP as limit reference points for international management (see FMP Section 2.1).
Current status determination criteria for HMS FMP stocks
NMFS West Coast Region and Southwest Fisheries Science Center (SWFSC) make BSIA and status determinations for some but not all stocks of HMS FMP management unit species. The Pacific Islands Regional Office and Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center (PIFISC) are the lead in making status and BSIA determinations for stocks occurring in the Western Pacific. This table lists stock assessments used to make current (2020) status determinations for the management unit species noting the organization conducting the assessment, the lead NMFS Science Center for that stock, estimates of the MSY, MFMT, MSST, any reference points adopted by RFMOs, and current status determinations. (This table to be updated in 2022 as part of the HMS FMP biennial management process.) As noted above, NMFS uses these estimates as a basis for making status determinations.
Catches of HMS management unit species in west coast fisheries
Except for North Pacific albacore, Pacific bluefin tuna, and swordfish, West Coast fisheries catch of HMS FMP management unit species has comprised less than one percent of stockwide catch. Historically, West Coast albacore catch has been about one-fifth of the stockwide total. For Pacific bluefin tuna and swordfish it has been about 5% of stockwide catch. These catch fractions can inform considerations of the “relative impact of U.S. fishing vessels on the stock” when the Council considers responses to a notification that a stock is subject to overfishing or overfished “due to excessive international fishing pressure.” When notified by NMFS, Magnuson-Stevens Act section 304(i) requires the Council to develop recommendations for domestic regulations and international actions taking into account this relative impact.